Now I look at it, Moor ygempende hedgehog is segmentally identical to camel belly; however, the tones are wrong, which in these languages is as big an issue as the vowels or consonants being wrong. deyja frndr, Yes, I had seen that. There are actually a lot of good reasons for supposing that, on the contrary, Bantu has created these systems out of what were previously proclitic pronouns and particles. XVIII [Dictionary of 18th-c. Russian] The continual renovation of words for fish is really interesting! *, (Though Mande is by no means the only group in contention when it comes to the limits of the Niger-Congo phylum, of course, and is probably the least likely to ever turn out to be demonstrably related to Volta-Congo of all Greenbergs major candidates.). Rather than the diversity I would expect from fractality even with an overlay of sprachbunds. But there is always room for more ). There are also Volta-Congo languages which have lost virtually all traces of both noun classes and verbal extensions. Similar results are reported by Kehayia (1990) and Kehayia, Jarema, and Kadzielawa (1990) for Greek, a language in which bare stems are never legal. He studied in Kiev and worked in SPb. (Not without complications of course OC *-s is a megamerger with several different cognates.). More specifically, Chilean Cachai? Then theres an interesting idea I once saw somewhere on academia.edu, that Proto-Semitic was spoken in the Rub al-Khali before it dried out, and East Semitic spread north while West Semitic spread in a semicircle along the coast of Arabia A problem with lexicostatistics on a set of languages which are certainly related, but the sound changes are not always clear, is that the question of whether two forms actually match for lexicostastical purposes or not can be far from objective, and I am very dubious of techniques which purport to get round this. Given that recent phylogenetic treatment of early tetrapods shows that [] may be distinct from most or all other [] and may instead belong to the amniote crown group ([]), this would suggest [] may have occurred [], ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, There is little in the way of plausible lexical matches (but there are some: its a bit like the situation with Uralic and Indo-European.). For one thing, my wife is besotted with her even though she bites (and apparently this is not a matter of the cats displeasure, but of a reflex of some kind well are cats named snakes with fur and feet); for another, I have lived my whole life commensally with cats and simply cant imagine doing otherwise. In the Guinea zone thats because of sleeping sickness. bulbulovo lexical evidence is the main basis. a fish, especially when used as food, 2. a side dish, specifically referring to fish . https://www.academia.edu/38390088/Closer_to_the_Ancestors_Excavations_of_the_French_Mission_in_Sedeinga_2013_2017. r jach nw pa idhre reyse til norrebutn paa idherth fiskrij FM 267 ( 1505 ) . On reflection, the mediopassive -r would be rather different from the locatives involved in progressive forms: rather than being an integral part of the relevant construction itself, it would be a sort of reinforcement of the meaning already inherent in a mediopassive verb, emphasising that the effect of the action didnt pass over to any other entity apart from the subject. Balashon Tucker, A. N. 1967. I presume that would have been a lot truer in an era when the hunting was richer. Would make a nice PhD thesis. Horses are not much in evidence in West Africa, on the whole. Proto-Bantu didnt have it. Evidence that the internet is not as idiotic as it often looks. The method that the adapters employed in turning the Egyptian script to their own use was dubbed the acrophonic principle by the British Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner. Vendemos una gran variedad de pescados We sell many kinds of fish (the implication is that they are dead, hence sold as a food) versus Vendemos una gran variedad de peces We sell many kinds of [live] fish (for aquariums, fishbowls, and the like). Just that for someone interested, a reconstruction might come easier if they had internalized two distantly related languages at an early age. I dont know quite what to make of this, and would be interested in what Hatters can suggest. Sure. You can still find textbooks that mention Ural-Altaic. . For pescado it has sense 1: Mx, Gu, Ho, ES, Ni, Pa, Cu, PR, Co, Ve, Ec, Pe, Bo, Py. The timeline of Proto-Semitic migration induced by desertification is appealing, and Im sure others have thought of it too. preserve noticeable traces of Pre-Semitic and, in Mesopotamia, also of Pre-Sumerian substratum. G. Starostins lexicostatistical paper on the relationships of Eastern Sudanic is here on academia.edu; he has worked on a lot of other stuff, as his main page shows. The really striking thing about the paper for me was how overwhelmingly Natufian the ancestry of Arabian Arabs is. Greenbergs method can produce a good preliminary classification. I was wondering if introduction of horses to the Plains Indian society could serve as a model for Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. I dont actually know much about the Kru languages: its hard to find much useful information about them. I didnt remember right, in fact: Nurse and Hinnebuschs Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History says Common Bantu *-gmb cow is from Central Sudanic.. for a European AA is Semitic and also languages similar to it. Weirs are a pretty ancient technology for channeling river fish in order to catch them, and I believe there were very early neolithic fishing settlements in places like the Iron Gates on the Danube and in the Pontic steppe on rivers leading into the Black Sea. Both authors used the skin-color, mode of subsistence, and other characteristics of native speakers as part of their arguments that particular languages should be grouped. A lot rests on how far we can agree with the lumpers, and how much centralizing a sprachbund can impose in a hunter-gatherer setting.). In: Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse (eds), A linguistic geography of Africa. the recently mentioned (in the context of Nubian) Sudanese linguist defended a thesis (in English I think?) 2. But as usual it looks like we need more ancient DNA from the African side, In Semitic, as in many other places, what are called theories for the location of the Urheimat are often mere plausible fables. Neither looks anything more than what you might find by chance to me. To me this just sounds like the phylogenetics-speak version of the (as far as Im aware) relatively uncontroversial claim that East Semitic (represented only by Akkadian in their study, though IIRC the other members are fairly sparsely attested) is a sister branch to the entire remainder of Semitic. My view (in contrast) is, for example, that the vast and diverse Volta-Congo family, extending from Cte dIvoire to South Africa and comprising languages as unalike as Kusaal, Yoruba and Zulu, is proven beyond all reasonable doubt (quite wonderful enough to be going on with, if you ask me); but that the evidence that Mande belongs to it is extremely weak; parts or all of Atlantic may turn out to to be related but the relationship (if so) is so distant that it may never be rigorously demonstrable. If we had no Indo-European languages to compare apart from the modern ones, along with just Old Welsh (doing duty for Old Nubian), the Gaulish remains would be of some value but not a lot. In the same year, T.N. I havent read any introductions myself, other than the manual of a program from 2001; most of my knowledge in this field comes from two courses and the primary literature Its likely that all of the recent introductions are good, though. Brett, good call. We found no genetic traces of early expansions out-of-Africa in present-day populations but found Arabians have elevated Basal Eurasian ancestry that dilutes their Neanderthal ancestry. Theres no phonological explanation for it, unlike with (say) Yoruba (and even Yoruba actually has clear remnants of class affixes.) Is the NES relationship twice as old as PIE? And, Ive heard Starostins name a lot, but wasnt sure exactly what he focused on. Naturally, even in setting me right on ur-, it was setting me wrong on the origin of aurochs. But doesnt anyone read it before posting? But I guess the linguistic question might be whether there are Bantu-origin loanwords in the regional varieties of Arabic where that ancestry is most common? >Actually, the Nilo-Saharan situation looks not unlike Ryans scenario: very old families some small, some quite large that have been in low-level contact since ever. This sort of thing is all over the place in Bantu as well. Too high in the classification hierarchy, I mean. ScriptSource Im told that Darfur would be very pretty in the Spring, if there was one. I see (consulting an actual book) that Lionel Bender, no less, played with the idea of Kongo-Saharan. I hope he made a full recovery. Unless they build that transatlantic train connection they promised in 50s science fiction, Id want to try that, I did recently have a dream about the Greenlandic railway network (mostly focused on mining, as I recall) and its applications toward transatlantic connections. Verb Conjugator ib NS 1: 137 ( 1402 ), 138, 327 ( 1404 ), 464 ( 1405 ), 2: 309 ( 1410 ). (Im not clear how he came up with his Proto-Potou-Akanic, given that the Akan word for send is in fact soma.). In 1912, Carl Meinhof published Die Sprachen der Hamiten (The Languages of the Hamites), in which he expanded Lepsiuss model, adding the Fula, Maasai, Bari, Nandi, Sandawe and Hadza languages to the Hamitic group. No evidence is offered for this so the case is hard to assess. The opposite idea, that Semitic originated geographically close to the other AfAs language families (so, in Africa), has been proposed a few times but not been widely accepted. He has a book, Archaeology, Language and African Past. With respect to the number of areal traits necessary to justify a linguistic area, in general, the linguistic areas in which many diffused traits are shared among the languages are considered more strongly established; however, some argue that even one shared trait is enough to define a weak linguistic area. Is there a mechanism among bands of hunter-gatherers that would have systematically done that across a region as large as that in which even non-Bantu Niger-Congo is spoken, other than demic replacement? It partly confirms my version: if the word was coined in Russian by a translator under influence of Polish usage, it must be a Kievan translator. 2a and 2b below). Semantically I suppose the ones who care about you would work. Lionel Bender (1997) groups Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic together as Macro-Cushitic. And even the most enthusiastic lumpers recognise that there are unequivocal isolates (like Bangime and Ijaw and Ik) in among all this. Darwin says explicitly that his methods are the (up to date, in the news) methods of comparative philology. This corridor is today inhabited by Nilo-Saharan speakers and was also presumably in the past. IIRC English did replace a lot of its Swadesh entries with assorted Frenchy borrowings. leads to a different tree. Besides, derivational processes depend on a level of vocabulary expansion not achieved by young preschool age. * The reason that the branch between Sinitic and the rest of the tree is the longest could of course be that Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman really are sister-groups, but it could also be that Sinitic is just lexically innovative (e.g. For AntC, (1) I believe salmon were once so plentiful one did not need to look for other river fish and (2) I find it more curious that the more common lox word for salmon has no cognate in Irish with the meaning, than that the cattle-prizing Celts borrowed the latin generic word for fish, The native word icne salmon in middle Irish. The very existence of Niger-Congo, and of Nilo-Saharan or whatever smaller N-S groupings one is willing to accept as directly related, seems to require events of demic transition, because we know no other mechanisms by which they would have systematically outcompeted their diverse neighbors in pre-state, limited trade settings. * There is some scope for disagreement on this point (although I dont disagree myself.) But Out of Natufian seems much more parsimonious at this point. Good. The Mongols didnt practice agriculture just because it was easier to extort grain from the Chinese, but the Scythians, remembered as mounted barbarians, were also important wheat exporters. Greens Dictionary of Slang The root is Turkic. And more. For Western Oti-Volta, the idea of substrata would make a lot of sense on first principles; it seems very likely that the current geographical range of these languages is a development of the last few centuries. Good to have confirmation of Early European Farmer ancestry in the Maghreb. I assume the quote is from something that was linked, but I didnt find that either. Of course there are other issues, e.g. This was before the Day of the Trawler. If I understand, that seems like a position youve moved beyond? Usually an outgrouplanguage or languages is included, and its remoteness on the tree is an indicator of its non-relatedness His Meroitic doesnt look anything like that to me. But the chief practical consequence of this principle is rarely recognized or, if recognized, tends to be worked around rather than confronted and directly dealt with [.] But. Bantu people are biblical hebrews. Greenberg (1963) and others considered it a subgroup of Cushitic, whereas others have raised doubts about its being part of Afroasiatic at all (e.g. In truth, the difference between morphological characters and lexical ones is quantitative rather than qualitative. In northern Canada and Alaska theres another, larger species called the sheefish or inconnu. Philolog.ru Hes indefatigable. ~ German drehen turn, rotate. The evidence from Egypt only shows one language, and that is surely the language of the rulers, a uniformity that we can assume was imposed by the regime that developed the method of writing we know it from. It looks like there is Omani usage that a European tends to translate as fish. Based on actual real live fieldwork, moreover. Possibly written by his own ghost. What are the 5 branches of the Afro-Asiatic family? There were a few decades in the early and again the mid-late 20th century when either no branch at all was supposed to have split off first (just a perfect starburst), or Anatolian was supposed to be closer to western branches like Italic (implying a more symmetric tree). It doesnt sound like they developed into anything triple-vowel-like, either. They (well, Robin a name the owner of which should be required to provide their pronouns) come up with 17% of their list of 258 etymons. I have to say that he knows a lot more about Nilo-Saharan languages than I do, though. Ive posted it here before, but cant find it right now. Therefore our method is good, and we need to keep using it. I think they just mean that Akkadian is the first attested Semitic language, which seems pretty uncontroversial, if also not terribly interesting. Not strictly an ox, but definitely an aurochnoid.). Eric Hamp. (unless one of the authors was the best man at the editors wedding). Consider examples la and lb below. etymolog.ruslang.ru (Russian etymology and word history links) If your preferred feed is Twitter, you can follow @languagehat to get WEST-AFRICAN ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: THE CASE OF IGBO. Language References and Links While this sounds as stupid as saying that cats are a branch of the dog family that split off before any specifically doggy traits developed, the latter is actually true, at least if you go back 42 Ma to the split between feliforms (cats + hyenas + mongooses + civets + a handful of other species) and caniforms (dogs + bears + the red panda + skunks + badgers + weasels + otters + raccoons + seals + sea lions + walruses + ).
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