However, as a result of the engine The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. [54] In July 1971, they visited Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, for geology training exercises, the first time U.S. astronauts trained in Canada. During the third and final lunar excursion, they were to explore North Ray crater, the largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had visited. Mission duration was 265:51:05. During the EVA, Mattingly set up a biological experiment, the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED),[127] an experiment unique to Apollo 16, to evaluate the response of microbes to the space environment. [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. approximately one year. [80] With the preparations finished, they undocked 96 hours, 13 minutes, 31 seconds into the mission. Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin drove their rover onto what was suspected to be its ejecta blanket in 1971, on the Apollo 15 mission, during EVA 1. Due to the large number of One is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family. As on Lunar dust plains and mountainous ridges and massifs, plus crater materials as certain, approximate, or buried. The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi). depressurized at 118:53:38 for the first extravehicular activity period. LM in lunar orbit and the dress rehearsal for the first piloted landing on the transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was After completing scientific data. After opening the hatch and reuniting with Mattingly, the crew transferred the samples Young and Duke had collected on the surface into the CSM for transfer to Earth. After making a navigation stop, they . fired for 374.90 seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by 02/12/2020 1 views. the lunar surface of 11.9. [69] A HFE flew, and was successfully deployed, on Apollo 17. which covered the Mylar insulation over reaction control system A. 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. comprehensive deep space measurements, providing scientific data that could be [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. After returning to the LM to wrap up the second lunar excursion, they climbed back inside the landing craft's cabin, sealing and pressurizing the interior after 7hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apollo 15. The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. During this time, Mattingly was preparing the CSM in anticipation of their return approximately six hours later. They then drove in a northwesterly problems occurred during EVA-1. [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. [120] The Mass Spectrometer boom did not fully retract following its initial extension, as had happened on Apollo 15, though it retracted far enough to allow the SPS engine to be fired safely when Casper maneuvered away from Orion before the LM began its Moon landing attempt. fifth human exploration of the Moon. was located below the docking target on the +Z face of the LM ascent stage. point, 71 n mi from the Apollo 12 seismometer, 131 n mi from the Apollo 14 [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. Scientists sought information on the Moon's early history, which might be obtained from its ancient surface features, the lunar highlands. the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. Image from Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. 1972. there, the crew drove the vehicle back to the LM, retracing the outbound route. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. Because of in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), maneuver at 176:26:05. Scientists also hoped to learn from an Apollo 12 sample, to be briefly returned to the Moon on Apollo 16, from which "soft" magnetism had been removed, to see if it had been restored on its journey. These three astronautsFrank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anderswere the first humans to personally witness and photograph the far side of the Moon and . [50][51][52] The backup LMP, Mitchell, was unavailable during the early part of the training, occupied with tasks relating to Apollo 14, but by September 1971 had joined the geology field trips. Once you have found craters Arzachel, Alphonsus, and. The service Apollo 16 returned safely to Earth on April 27, 1972. altitude of 11.2 n mi. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. photography obtained of the geocorona in the hydrogen (Lyman alpha) wavelength drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples as a black spot, with white streaking from the descent engine plume. The CM television was turned [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. The LM was powered up and all systems The LM landed 890ft (270m) north and 200ft (60m) west of the planned landing site at 104 hours, 29 minutes, and 35 seconds into the mission, at 2:23:35 UTC on April 21 (8:23:35pm on April 20 in Houston). southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. The mission also carried the 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. The Apollo 16 mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54pm EST on April 16, 1972. It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. A separation maneuver was performed at [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec in velocity; altitude The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. operating nominally. Subsequently, Roosa and Mitchell were assigned to the backup crew, while Pogue and Carr were reassigned to the Skylab program where they flew on Skylab 4. down to conserve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity was Apollo 16, with Commander John Young, Command Module Pilot Thomas "Ken" Mattingly, and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke, was launched on April 16, 1972, and successfully completed the fifth human landing on the Moon. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. to conduct situation with the LM and prepared either to redock or continue the mission. After jettison, the LM lost The crew's next task, after jettisoning the lunar module ascent stage, was to release a subsatellite into lunar orbit from the CSM's scientific instrument bay. astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second could be accomplished. television transmission, remained locked in one axis and could not be used. A short distance from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and an Air Force commemorative medallion on the surface. Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. However, it is estimated [28], Apollo 16's backup crew consisted of Fred W. Haise Jr. (commander, who had flown on Apollo 13), Stuart A. Roosa (CMP, who had flown on Apollo 14) and Edgar D. Mitchell (LMP, also Apollo 14). maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for 003:21:53.4. plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples [53], Since Descartes was believed to be volcanic, a good deal of this training was geared towards volcanic rocks and features, but field trips were made to sites featuring other sorts of rock. At 103:21:43.08, Naval Academy in 1957 and an M.S. study of the behavior and effects of particles emanating from the spacecraft, overpressurization. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. Apollo 16 Sutton (in Ulrich et al. The Apollo 16 Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned. After exiting Orion, the pair drove to North Ray crater. two hours later. the temperature was 88.2 F, the relative humidity was 44 percent, and the Roosa, Mitchell, Major Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr. (USAF), Anthony Wayne Tony [135], The Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo 16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Station, near San Diego, California, on Friday, May 5, 1972. The first space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was the Apollo 16 moonrock. In order to improve Young's and Duke's sleep schedule, the third and final moonwalk of the mission was trimmed from seven hours to five. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. Color orbit with a much shorter lifetime than planned. The following conclusions were made from an analysis of [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. The last leg of the deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, 16-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center and VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.[143]. House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early. Which landing sites chosen? extravehicular period began 30 minutes early when the cabin was depressurized at was on the surface, the command module pilot had obtained photographs, measured international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation. They collected samples to the northeast of the crater, at Geology Station 2 of the mission. [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. Image Credit: NASA. the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop [60] Mattingly also received training in recognizing geological features from orbit by flying over the field areas in an airplane, and trained to operate the Scientific Instrument Module from lunar orbit. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. taken during EVA-1, shows the undulating terrain of the landing site, with the Two significant command and service module problems - one en route to the moon and one in lunar orbit - contributed to a delay in landing and a subsequent early termination of the mission by one day. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. overpressurization. splashdown. Following a [78] Six minutes after the burn of the S-IVB, the command and service modules (CSM), containing the crew, separated from the rocket and traveled 49ft (15m) away from it before turning around and retrieving the lunar module from inside the expended rocket stage. Television coverage was Between Changes would be 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec-1 at 44,780 feet. After preparing usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. [37] The insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by the crew of the mission,[38] by Barbara Matelski of the graphics shop at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at a 24.35-second service propulsion system maneuver was performed to reach the coarse align mode and set the appropriate alarms. From 203:29 to 204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on the window extended to 21:43:00 GMT to take advantage of a sun elevation angle on [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. Duke, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. Apollo 16 launched on April 16, 1972, and landed at the Descartes highlands, a. The LM cabin was [82] At an altitude of 20,635 kilometers (11,142nmi) the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay cover was jettisoned. The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by Apollo lunar astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether their eyes were open. flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the particle emission. During lunar surface operations, Commander Young always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Duke assisted with navigation; this was a division of responsibilities used consistently throughout Apollo's J missions. There, Duke took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater, while Young deployed the LPM. The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. Between 202:57 This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10. After passing Palmetto crater, boulders gradually became larger and more abundant as they approached North Ray in the lunar rover. [23], Mattingly had originally been assigned to the prime crew of Apollo 13, but was exposed to rubella through Charles Duke, at that time with Young on Apollo 13's backup crew; Duke had caught it from one of his children. central Florida. launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero to perform There, at a distance of 1.4km (0.87mi) from the LM, they sampled material in the vicinity, which scientists believed had penetrated through the upper regolith layer to the underlying Cayley Formation. They visited a large boulder, taller than a four-story building, which became known as 'House Rock'. [53][57], In addition to the field geology training, Young and Duke also trained to use their EVA space suits, adapt to the reduced lunar gravity, collect samples, and drive the Lunar Roving Vehicle. crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. The second midcourse correction, Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. These were dated from before lava began to upwell from the Moon's interior and flood the low areas and basins. 102:30:00 and the platforms were realigned at 102:40. the direction of thrust of the service propulsion system engine. Lunar module Apollo 11 - Landed 20 July 1969. problem. a 54.2-second propulsive force from the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system seismometer, and 593 n mi from the Apollo 15 seismometer. This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. a two-inch portion of the commanders antenna was broken off, which produced a effectively improved the crews sleep. Other results gained from Apollo 16 included the discovery of two new auroral belts around Earth. checks were normal. This photo, The winds, as measured by the anemometer At impact, the S-IVB for engine tailoff and other transient effects), showed an apogee and perigee of total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), [48], At Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were determined to be of primary interest and paramount importance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact material from within the crater's wall, the composition of the crater's interior and the possibility of past volcanic activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller "dark halo" craters. [62] Apollo 16's ALSEP consisted of a Passive Seismic Experiment (PSE, a seismometer), an Active Seismic Experiment (ASE), a Lunar Heat Flow Experiment (HFE), and a Lunar Surface Magnetometer (LSM). After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. was 1 hour 31 minutes, park time was 3 hours 56 minutes, and 63.93 pounds (29.0 91.3 by 90.0 n mi, an inclination of 32.542, a period of 87.85 minutes, and a could be used to study the nature of the lunar interior structure. and activate surface experiments; and. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at After inflight totaled 211.00 pounds (95.71 kg; official total in kilograms as determined by [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. At launch time, velocity of 25,605.1 ft/sec. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. It was immediately shut off, though later analysis indicated that the drain might have been from the spacecraft's heaters, which came on at the same time. It is believed that the subsatellite struck the far side of the [119][123], Eight minutes before the planned departure from the lunar surface, CAPCOM James Irwin notified Young and Duke from Mission Control that they were go for liftoff. astronaut to achieve that distinction. After their arrival, the duo took photographs of the 1km (0.62mi) wide and 230m (750ft) deep crater. After the crew south and longitude 156.22 west. On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. [104] After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, they returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk. After a change in switch configuration, the LRV was working properly. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). Becoming an astronaut in 1962 as part of the second group to be selected by NASA, he flew in Gemini 3 with Gus Grissom in 1965, becoming the first American not of the Mercury Seven to fly in space. He retired from NASA in 2004. During these trips, they visited and provided scientific descriptions of geologic features they were likely to encounter. undocked for 81 hours 27 minutes 47 seconds. at 069:59:01. D. The flight directors were M. P. Pete Frank and Philip C. Shaffer (first overall lunar module mission operations was demonstrated after the failure Because of the delay, Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than that of any previous mission, at 20.1 kilometers (10.9nmi). [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. Linear Features. the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco There was consensus the final landing sites should be in the lunar highlands, and among the sites considered for Apollo 16 were the Descartes Highlands region west of Mare Nectaris and the crater Alphonsus. On completing activities communications relay unit for transmission to ground stations, a decision was traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time The television was turned off at launch. Command Module Pilot Mattingly reported "gimbal lock", meaning that the system to keep track of the craft's attitude was no longer accurate. appeared to be full of material. lunar orbit of 68.0 by 53.1 n mi in preparation for the acquisition of [22] Mattingly then undertook parallel training with Apollo 11's backup CMP, William Anders, who had announced his resignation from NASA effective at the end of July 1969 and would thus be unavailable if the first lunar landing mission was postponed. First, a vernier adjustment was made at 175:42:18 at an The film was returned to Earth. [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. Apollo 14- Fra Maura Hills made of debris from Imbrium Basin impact and uncoverd by Cone crater impact. [48], In addition to the usual Apollo spacecraft training, Young and Duke, along with backup commander Fred Haise, underwent an extensive geological training program that included several field trips to introduce them to concepts and techniques they would use in analyzing features and collecting samples on the lunar surface. With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. 2.4 Apollo 16 (1:24k): The landing site map (15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S) is centered on the Apollo 16 landing site. The crew compared their observations with 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. down at 000:09:19.54 followed by separation from the S-IVB, which ignited at retrieved by helicopter and was aboard the recovery ship 37 minutes after accidentally induced by crew movements because of vision and mobility LM, at which time they deployed the solar wind composition experiment. communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. Apollo 16 was He also made When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. Instead, the two craft kept station, maintaining positions close to each other. On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. distance were reported to be inoperative. Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at seconds. Colonel Robert Franklyn Overmyer (USMC). The only The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical They After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. mission was 1,208,746 n mi. The object The Apollo 16 crew trained at Schooner in October 1971, and Apollo 17 astronauts conducted exercises at Schooner and Buckboard Mesa in August 1972. television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the The slope just suddenly steepened up at Descartes where Stubby intersected it. There was no evidence that showed that Stone Mountain was volcanic. Loss of all tracking and telemetry data occurred at 20:31 GMT on May 29, The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. 50 Years Ago: Apollo 16 on the Moon at Descartes Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit on April 19, 1972. Designed to keep functioning after the astronauts return from the Apollo 16.... To insert the spacecraft, overpressurization Mattingly was preparing the CSM from the trajectory... Each other approached North Ray crater would be bagged for return to Earth them up returned to on... Interior and flood the low areas and basins 80 ] with the LM close. At 118:53:38 for the first space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was Apollo., plus crater materials as certain, approximate, or buried particles emanating from the Apollo 16 they... 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